Palace Learning Muscular System Anatomical Poster - LAMINATED - Muscle Anatomy Chart - Double Sided (18 x 27)

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Bones are rigid structures made of calcified dense connective tissue. Bone tissue is composed of a mineralized bone matrix that consists of type 1 collagen fibers dispersed throughout the ground substance. The cellular component of the bones is represented by three types of specialized bone cells called osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The muscles of the leg produce different movements in the ankle and foot that are important for many activities such as walking, running and dancing. It is important to consider muscle groups as functional units. While the individual muscles in each compartment have additional functions, the primary function of each compartment is the most important thing to remember.

Located in the upper left portion of the abdomen, the pancreas has two important roles: It functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. The fibularis tertius, also called the peroneus tertius is a slender muscle that is often described as a part of the extensor digitorum longus. It originates from the medial aspect of the distal third of fibula, the adjacent anterior surface of interosseous membrane and the anterior intermuscular septum and runs downwards along the lateral aspect of the leg. It then extends into a tendon that passes deep to the superior extensor retinaculum, accompanied by the extensor digitorum longus. The tendon of the fibularis tertius then inserts onto the dorsal surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal. Striated muscle can be further subdivided into three classifications based on its location and morphology:The portion of nervous system that communicates with the central nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system. Overall, the peripheral and central nervous systems also include an extensive network of neurons. Located throughout the body, these fibrous bundles send information about sensation, temperature, and pain. The extensor hallucis longus is a unipennate muscle found between the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles. It originates from the anteromedial aspect of the middle third of the fibula and the adjoining interosseous membrane. The muscle courses downwards and medially and extends into a slender tendon that runs along the dorsal surface of the foot, passing beneath the superior extensor retinaculum. The tendon inserts at the base and dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallux). Myocytes are characterized by protein filaments known as actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing contractions that move body parts, including internal organs. Interestingly, these proteins are not exclusive to muscle cells; actin and myosin are commonly found as cytoskeletal elements in many cell types and are involved in cellular functions relating to the changing of cell shape (e.g. cell movement, phagocytosis etc.). Myocytes however, are characterized by a particular abundance of these proteins within their cytoplasm, so much so that they occupy most of their interior. Furthermore, in the case of myocytes, actin and myosin filaments are generally oriented along a single axis, thereby eliciting movement in a linear fashion.

When the body drifts off into sleep, it undergoes physiological changes related to body temperature, breathing rate and muscular tone. Hypnic jerks may be the result of muscle changes. Another theory suggests that the transition from the waking to the sleeping state signals the body to relax. But the brain may interpret the relaxation as a sign of falling and then signal the arms and legs to wake up. Electroencephalogram studies have shown sleep starts affect almost 10 percent of the population regularly, 80 percent occasionally, and another 10 percent rarely.

The musculoskeletal system (locomotor system) is a human body system that provides our body with movement, stability, shape, and support. It is subdivided into two broad systems: Muscular dystrophy is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle fibres (muscle cells) and tissue. The main function of the fibularis longus is eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint. Eversion of the foot is particularly important when walking or running on rough surfaces. In addition, it supports the lateral longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot. Injuries to non-vital organs may also affect vital organs, such as when a gallstone undermines liver function. Posterior (plantar flexor) group, which consists of a superficial layer comprised of the gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus, and a deep layer comprised of tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus and flexor digitorum longus muscles.