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In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis [10] granted to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz, [11] [12] who in 1540 transferred the title to the conqueror Pedro de Valdivia [13] and later was incorporated to Chile. a b c "ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION—CHRONOLOGY". Quark Expeditions. 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08 . Retrieved 2006-10-20. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773, James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time. Although he discovered new islands, he did not sight the continent itself. It is believed that he came as close as 240 km (150 mi) from the mainland. France contributed with Dumont d'Urville Station and Charcot Station in Adélie Land. The ship Commandant Charcot of the French Navy spent nine months of 1949/50 at the coast of Adelie Land, performing ionospheric soundings. [111] The US erected the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station as the first permanent structure directly over the South Pole in January 1957. [112]

Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven)" (in Norwegian). Lovdata. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2011. Chrissie: Well, Antarctica is way down in the middle of the Southern Ocean, so we’ll need a map that’s looking right down on it. Murray, John (1894). The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration. London: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1. Janet Thomson: An 'Improper Segregation of Scientists' at the British Antarctic Survey". Voices of Science. British Library. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2016.dive past walls of ice before they can even begin fishing. Weddell seal adaptations How are Weddell seals adapted to survive in Antarctica? The most southerly dwelling of all mammals they live at Chrissie: Well Antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent in the world, so maybe he sheltered near those big mountains that run down the middle. a b c "Dronning Maud Land" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2011.

Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977). Desarrollo de la Antártica (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19 . Retrieved 2022-08-30. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through the Straits of Magellan in 1520, assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land, and it appeared as such on a map by Ortelius: Terra australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita ("Southern land recently discovered but not yet fully known"). [9] Map of the Spanish governorate of Terra Australis (1539–1555); [10] later it was incorporated into the Governorate of Chile. Hulbe, Christina L.; Wang, Weili; Ommanney, Simon (2010). "Women in Glaciology, a Historical Perspective" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 56 (200): 947. Bibcode: 2010JGlac..56..944H. doi: 10.3189/002214311796406202. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2016.Antarctic Explorers– Adrien de Gerlache". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2008. Friends of Ferguson Heritage- The Worst Journey in the World". www.fofh.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2018. Francis Drake, like Spanish explorers before him, had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. Indeed, when Schouten and Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land. [8] Jean-Baptiste Charcot". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2008. ( Pourquoispas? voyage) Jean-Baptiste Charcot". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2008. ( Francais voyage)