Emotion by Design: Creative Leadership Lessons from a Life at Nike

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Flam, Helena (1990): Emotional Man. Corporate Actors as Emotion-motivated Emotion Managers. In: International Sociology 5, S. 225–234. Why do its campaigns - from 'Just do it' to the famous Nike swoosh - capture the imaginations of millions worldwide? Rosenberg E. L., & Ekman P. Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cogn Emot. 1994; 8: 201–229. The hippocampus is located in the MTL and is thought to be responsible for the potentiation and consolidation of declarative memory before newly formed memories are distributed and stored in cortical regions ( Squire, 1992). Moreover, evidence indicates that the hippocampus functions as a hub for brain network communications-a type of continuous exchange of information center that establishes LTM dominated by theta wave oscillations ( Battaglia et al., 2011) that are correlated with learning and memory ( Rutishauser et al., 2010). In other words, hippocampus plays a crucial role in hippocampal-dependent learning and declarative memories. Numerous studies have reported that the amygdala and hippocampus are synergistically activated during memory encoding to form a LTM of emotional information, that is associated with better retention ( McGaugh et al., 1996; Richter-Levin and Akirav, 2000; Richardson et al., 2004). More importantly, these studies (fear-related learning) strongly suggest that the amygdala’s involvement in emotional processing strengthens the memory network by modulating memory consolidation; thus, emotional content is remembered better than neutral content. Bryant J, Miron D. Excitation-transfer theory and three-factor theory of emotion. Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann. LEA's communication series. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2003. p. 31–59.

Desmet, P.M.A. (2003). Measuring emotion; development and application of an instrument to measure emotional responses to products. In: M.A. Blythe, A.F. Monk, K. Overbeeke, & P.C. Wright (Eds.), Funology: from Usability to Enjoyment (pp. 111-123). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. This adds a layer of information that is otherwise difficult to get at,” said Colin Ellard, who researches the psychological impact of design at the University of Waterloo in Canada. “When we ask people about their stress they say it’s no big deal, yet when we measure their physiology we discover that their responses are off the charts. The difficulty is that your physiological state is the one that impacts your health.” Taking a closer look at these physiological states could shed light on how city design affects our bodies. Velasco C, Bond A. Personal relevance is an important dimension for visceral reactivity in emotional imagery. Cogn Emot. 1998; 12: 231–42.Röttger-Rössler, Birgitt (2004): Die kulturelle Modellierung des Gefühls. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie und Methodik ethnologischer Emotionsforschung anhand indonesischer Fallstudien. Münster: Lit. More positivity for pleasant and unpleasant pictures than neutral pictures in the posterior regions. Parsons, Talcott/Edward A. Shils (Hrsg.) (1951): Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Both pleasant and unpleasant sounds led to greater activation in the left and right auditory cortex compared with neutral sound. Hinojosa JA, Fernandez-Folgueiras U, Albert J, Santaniello G, Pozo MA, Capilla A. Negative induced mood influences word production: An event-related potentials study with a covert picture naming task. Neuropsychologia. 2017; 95: 227–39. pmid:28025016

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a widely used functional neuroimaging tool for mapping of brain activation as it provides a high spatial resolution (a few millimeters). fMRI is an indirect measure of hemodynamic response by measuring changes in local ratios of oxy-hemoglobin vs. deoxy-hemoglobin, typically known as a blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal ( Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000). Dolcos et al. (2005) examined the effects of emotional content on memory enhancement during retrieval process using event-related fMRI to measure retrieval-related activity after a retention interval of 1 year. The researchers concluded that successful retrieval of emotional pictures involved greater activation of the amygdala as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus than that of neutral pictures. Both the amygdala and hippocampus were rigorously activated during recollection compared to familiarity recognition, whereas no differences were found in the entorhinal cortex for either recollection or familiarity recognition. Moreover, a study investigates motivation effect (low vs. high monetary reward) on episodic retrieval by manipulating task difficulty, fMRI data reports that increased activation in the substantia nigra/VTA, MTL, dmPFC, and DLPFC when successful memory retrieval with high difficulty than with low difficulty. Moreover, reward-related of functional connectivities between the (i) SN/VTA–MTL and (ii) SN/VTA–dmPFC appear to increases significantly with increases retrieval accuracy and subjective motivation. Thus, Shigemune et al. (2017) suggest that reward/motivation-related memory enhancement modulated by networking between the SN/VTA (reward-related), dmPFC (motivation-related) and MTL (memory-related) network as well as DLPFC (cognitive controls) with high task difficulty. Vianna EPM, Tranel D. Gastric myoelectrical activity as an index of emotional arousal. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006; 61: 70–6. pmid:16403424Velten E. A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Netherlands: Elsevier Science; 1968. p. 473–82.

Publication bias was measured using Egger’s test. We used a funnel plot to generate a graphic representation of this potential publication bias. The main issue in publication bias is that not all completed studies are published. Studies with larger effects sizes are more likely to be accepted for publication. Taking into account that the meta-analysis can overestimate the true effect size because it may be based on a biased collection of studies, it is important to assess the likely extent of the bias. We used Egger's Test to assess the publication bias. Positive pictures were associated with enhanced early posterior negativity amplitude in the right parieto-occipital regions. Faces enhanced N170 amplitude reflecting that spatial attention modulates face encoding at lateral posterior electrodes. However, N170 was insensitive to emotional expression. Desmet P.M.A., Porcelijn, R., & van Dijk, M. (2007). Emotional design; application of a research based design approach. Journal of Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 20(3), 141-155. Pongratz, Hans J. (2002): Emotionalität und Effizienz. Typen von Erwerbsorientierungen und Lebensführung im Vergleich. In: Margit Weihrich/ G. Günter Voß (Hrsg.), Tag für Tag. Alltag als Problem — Lebensführung als Lösung? München/Mering: Rainer Hampp, S. 47–68.The pursuit of higher behavioral goals, with specialized roles in the explicit processing of internal mental states in WM, relational integration, and memory retrieval ( Ramnani and Owen, 2004). Leary, Mark R. (2003): The Self and Emotion. The Role of Self-Reflection in the Generation and Regulation of Affective Experience. In: Richard J. Davidson/ Klaus R. Scherer/ H. Hill Goldsmith (Hrsg.), Handbook of Affective Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 773–786. Philippot P. Inducing and assessing differentiated emotion-feeling states in the laboratory. Cogn Emot. 1993; 7: 171–93. pmid:27102736 Sieben, Barbara (2001): Emotionale Intelligenz — Golemans Erfolgskonstrukt auf dem Prüfstand. In: Georg Schreyögg/ Jörg Sydow (Hrsg.), Emotionen und Management Managementforschung 11. Wiesbaden: Gabler, S. 135–170. Hewig J, Hagemann D, Seifert J, Gollwitzer M, Naumann E, Bartussek D. A revised film set for the induction of basic emotions. Cogn Emot. 2005; 19: 1095–109.