RED5 Round Mini Volcano Lamp - Miniature Novelty Bubble Desk Light

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The explicit aim of introducing standardised VALS, as noted above, has been not only to ‘fix’ the meaning of the information they convey but also to fix the meaning of a VALS itself. Such efforts are complicated by the fact that each VALS is understood in relation to prior learning experiences, that ‘school’ users to respond in particular embodied ways to the medium provided. One such example, recalled at both AVO and at HVO as illustrative of the role of prior experience, concerned a commercial Alaskan pilot flying from Alaska to Hawaii. The pilot, used to flying in Alaska and dealing with the aviation colour code frequently in place there, was concerned that the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii was assigned an orange alert level. Based on his experience of warnings issued in Alaska, he anticipated that the volcano would be exhibiting unrest with increased potential for eruption with ash. When the pilot arrived in Hawaiian airspace, he expected some form of diversion or information (such as a Volcanic Ash Advisory) regarding Kilauea, but received nothing and landed with no problems. He later discovered that Kilauea was erupting, but emitting such a small ash plume that low-level flying was only prohibited within close proximity of the volcano. Volcano Light is acream, marble look quartz material that comes in amatte & polished texture. It is supplied to Polish Granite by Compac company specialising in stone slab production. Why Volcano Light is the perfect material for stone kitchen worktops? Shield volcanoes have a broad, flattened dome-like shape created by layers of hot and runny lava flowing over its surface and cooling. When magma is very hot and runny, gases can escape easily. Eruptions of this type of magma are gentle, with large amounts of magma reaching the surface to form vast lava flows. Papale P (2017) Rational volcanic hazard forecasts and the use of volcanic alert levels. J Appl Volcanol 6:13 The USGS established four key ‘standard’ requirements for VALS, which were to “(1) accommodate various sizes, styles, and duration of volcanic activity; (2) work equally well during escalating and de-escalating activity; (3) be equally useful to both those on the ground and those aviation; and (4) retain and improve effective existing alert notification protocol” (Gardner and Guffanti 2006, p. 1). Notably, three of these requirements are directly concerned not with scientific information as such but rather with function—the effectiveness and usability of the VALS as a communication tool. Ongoing standardisation processes were driven by a combination of factors: internationally by the adoption of the internationally used ICAO aviation colour code; nationally by the social context of the post-9/11 USA, which shaped the broader emergency management policy; at state level by the requirement to have consistent VALS and alert level terminology to prevent confusion; and internally within the USGS, to provide a more consistent and clear message. These standardisation processes are discussed in more depth in Fearnley et al. ( 2012).

Mileti DS, Sorenson JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social Sciecne perspective and state-of-the-art assessment (No. ORNL-6609). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN (USA) Newhall C, Solidum RU (2017) Volcanic hazard communication at Pinatubo from 1991 to 2015. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_43These discoveries could have important implications for volcano monitoring. Because larger eruptions trigger more lightning, "simply seeing that lightning is associated with an eruption tells you that there are potential aviation issues," said Alexa Van Eaton, lead author of the Calbuco study and a volcanologist at the U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington. Fujimura JH (1987) Constructing ‘do-able’ problems in cancer research: articulating alignment. Soc Stud Sci 17(2):257–293

Parker J, Crona B (2012) On being all things to all people: boundary organizations and the contemporary research university. Soc Stud Sci 42(2):262–289 USGS (2017) Volcano Notifications Deliver Situational Information. Retrieved from: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/notifications.html. Accessed 4 Apr 2018 Various indicators of volcanic unrest can also be used in predicting eruptions. Earthquake activity around a volcano can provide valuable information. An eruption can be preceded by hundreds of small earthquakes know as earthquake swarms. Earthquakes also can indicate that magma is moving beneath a volcano. However, eruptions can occur with no perceivable change in seismic activity.Crona B, Hubacek K (2010) The right connections: how do social networks lubricate the machinery of natural resource governance? Ecol Soc 15(4) Fearnley CJ (2013) Assigning a volcano alert level: negotiating uncertainty, risk, and complexity in decision-making processes. Environ Plan A 45:1891–1911 For VALS to be effective, assessments conducted by scientists must be relevant to the needs of the key decision makers. The relevance requirement has been found to drive associated demands for timeliness and for simple accessible alert information (Sarkki et al. 2013; Parker and Crona 2012). With reference to VALS, this includes demand for timely simple and accessible alert information, that is usable subject to a range of contingent factors. Timeliness Casadevall TJ (1994) The 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: impacts on aircraft operations. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 62(1–4):301–316 At subducting plate margins, one plate is pushed under a neighbouring plate as they squeeze together. In these margins, wet sediment and seawater is forced down in addition to the old, weathered plate. The addition of this sediment and seawater creates andesitic or rhyolitic lava and more violent eruptions containing ash. These volcanoes form classic cone shapes. Hotspot volcanoes

Hoppe R, Wesselink A, Cairns R (2013) Lost in the problem: the role of boundary organisations in the governance of climate change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 4(4):283–300

Potter SH, Scott BJ, Fearnley CJ, Leonard GS, Gregg CE (2017) Challenges and benefits of standardising early warning systems: a case study of New Zealand’s Volcanic Alert Level System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_18 Koetz T, Farrell KN, Bridgewater P (2012) Building better science-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: assessing potential within the intergovernmental platform for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Int Environ Agreements: Politics Law Econ 12(1):1–21 The sleek quartz kitchen worktops are also completely waterproof. Since they are man-made products, they are imbued during the production process with special resins and agents that prevent all water absorption. Therefore, even if you leave acoffee, wine, grease or water spill over night, the worktop won’t soak any of it up, leaving the colour and pristine shine entirely unharmed.